Geophysics Department

Banaras Hindu University

SEMESTER-V

GPM501: ADVANCED COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Credits: 3

  1. Programming Language C: Constants, variables, data types, expressions operators, conditional statements, iterative statements, array, function, storage, class, pointers, structure, union and file handling.
  2. Object Oriented Programming: Procedural approach VI, object approach, object oriented methodology, concept of object and class, reusability, encapsulation and polymorphism.
  3. C++ An Object Oriented Language: Class, object, constructor, destructor, operator, overloading, function overloading, inheritance, virtual function, multiple inheritage, generic classes.
  4. Software: application software, system software, support software and firmware.
  5. Introduction to UNIX operating system.
  6. Introduction to JAVA, Visual BASIC and data base management system.
  7. Internet, intranet, multimedia and LAN.

Suggested Books:

  1. Balagoswami: Programming in C
  2. Gotfried: Programming in C
  3. Yashwant Kanetkar: C Programming
  4. Yashwant Kanetkar: C++ Programming
  5. Robert Lafore: Object Oriented Programming C++
  6. Hasbest Scheilds: Object Oriented Programming
  7. Stephen Prata: Advanced Unix-A Programmers Guide

GPM502: COMMUNICATION THEORY Credits: 4

  1. Introduction: Historical development of time series, classification of data, analogue and discrete signals, digitization, sampling interval and aliasing, wavelets, Z transform, linear system, Dirac delta function and impulse response of a linear system, impulse response function, minimum delay, maximum delay and mixed delay wavelets.
  2. Convolution and Correlation Techniques: Convolution, method for Convolution, properties of Convolution, autocorrelation, cross-correlation, and their applications, time domain and frequency domain concepts.
  3. Fourier series and Fourier transform, Hilbert transform, Walsh transform, orthogonal function and Dirichlet conditions, complex form of Fourier Series and Fourier transform, physical significance and interpretation of Fourier transform, properties of Fourier transform, Fourier transform of a symmetrical rectangular pulse, reciprocity Fourier transform (FFT), two dimensional Fourier transform and its applications.
  4. Digital Filtering: Low, high and band pass filters, truncation of unit impulse response function, illustration of Gibb’s phenomenon. Butterworth filters, Chebysev filter, recursive filters.
  5. Weighting Functions (Windows): Hamming window, Hamming window and their comparison, triangular window, Bortlett window, practical applications of windows.
  6. Techniques for Spectral Estimation: Power spectrum, method for calculation of power spectrum, three basic data models, Moving Average (MA) method, Maximum Entropy Method (MEM ), Maximum Likelihood Method ( MLM ), Autoregressive process (AR), comparison of MA, MEM, MLM and AR techniques.
  7. Deconvolution: Introduction, white spectrum, Wiener inverse and its mathematical details, homomorphic applications of deconvolution filtering.
  8. Applications of Time Series in various branches of Geophysics: Seismic method, gravity and magnetic methods, resistivity and well-logging methods, use of spectral techniques in meteorology, oceanography and groundwater hydrology.

Suggested Books:

  1. Silvia & Robinson: Deconvolution of Geophysics Time Series in the Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas
  2. Robinson & Trietel: Geophysical Signal Analysis
  3. Kanasevich: Time Sequence Analysis in Geophysics
  4. Bath: Spectral Analysis in Geophysics
  5. Oppenheim & Schafer: Digital Signal Processing
  6. Papoulis: The Fourier Integral and its Applications

GPM503A: GEOELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS Credits: 4

  1. Basic Principles and Theory: Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic potential and wave equations, boundary conditions, long wavelength approximation, depth of penetration, electromagnetic field due to straight wire, rectangular and circular loops, elliptical polarizations, amplitude and phase relations, real (in phase) and imaginary (quadrature) components.
  2. Methods of Prospecting: Bieler Watson method, Dip angle methods-fixed vertical loop transmitter, broadside and shoot back methods, two frame method, compensator method, Turam method, Moving source-receiver methods- horizontal loop (Slingram) method, AFMAG and VLF methods, Airborne EM systems- rotary field method, INPUT method, EM profiling and sounding.
  3. Interpretation: Principles of EM similitude and modelling, response of conducting sphere to uniform alternating magnetic field and infinitely long horizontal cylinder to line source, response of sheet conductors to dip angle, Turam and horizontal loop EM systems, dip angle characteristic curves and phasor diagrams for horizontal loop EM system for sheets, effect of overburden on EM anomalies, Principles and practices of Ground Penetrating Radar.
  4. Magnetotelluric (MT) method: Origin and characteristic of MT fields, MT instrumentation, field practices, MT effect over a conducting half space and two layer model.

Suggested Books:

  1. Parasnis: Mining Geophysics
  2. Grant & West: Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics
  3. Telford et. al: Applied Geophysics
  4. Patra & Mallick: Geosounding Principles Vol.II
  5. SEG Publication: Mining Geophysics Vol. II

GPM503B: SYNOPTIC AND TROPICAL METEOROLOGY Credits: 4

1. Meaning and scope of synoptic meteorology, Plotting of synoptic observations on different maps, analysis of surface and upper air charts, vertical time section and cross section analysis.

2. Scales of Atmospheric Weather Systems: Primary, secondary and tertiary circulations.

3. Kinematics of horizontal motion, characteristics of wind fields, construction of streamlines, isotach, trajectories, relation between stream line and trajectories, Blatons equation.

4. Kinematics of pressure fields, mechanism and influence of pressure changes.

5. Frontogenetical Functions: Frontogenesis in horizontal velocity field, frontogenetical and frontolytical sectors, kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions, pressure distribution over front, Morgules formula.

6. Jet streams, their classification and characteristics, PFJ, STJ, TEJ, low level jet stream of Asian monsoon, structure, formation, maintenance and associated weather, zonal index, index cycle, cutoff lows, highs, blocking.

7. Principle of Weather Prediction: Short range, medium range and long range weather prediction, limits of predictability, forecast evaluation.

8. Tropical Meteorology: Mean tropical atmosphere, equatorial trough (ITCZ), basic currents, trade wind inversion, easterly waves and their dynamical aspects, formation and forecasting of easterly waves, QBO.

9. Tropical cyclones, classification of tropical disturbances, global climatology, life cycle, surface and upper air structure, thermal structure, the eye and wall cloud, rainfall, energy aspects, theories of formation, CISK, detection, movement tracks, recurvature, Fujiwara effect, forecasting, storm surges, cyclone warning.

10. Monsoons: Monsoon regions in the tropics, causes of monsoon, the Indian summer monsoons, rainfall distribution, elements of the monsoon system, monsoon disturbances, MTC, monsoon variability, onset and advancement of monsoon, withdrawal, fluctuations in monsoon activity, active, weak and break monsoon conditions, intra seasonal and inter-annual variability of summer monsoon, biweekly and 30-50 day oscillation, southern oscillation and El Nino, monsoon rainfall and teleconnections, long range prediction of monsoon, monsoon over China, S.E. Asia, N. Australia, east and west Africa.

11. General Circulation Features over India during other seasons: Winter seasons, western disturbances, cold waves, fog, Pre Monsoon Seasons: different convective phenomenon, Norwesters and tropical storms, Post monsoon Season: N.E. Monsoon, tropical storms and their differences with tropical storms of pre monsoon season.

Suggested Books:

  1. Riehl: Tropical Meteorology
  2. Palmen & Newton: Atmospheric Circulation System
  3. Reiter: Jet Stream Meteorology
  4. Ramage: Monsoon Meteorology
  5. Saucier: Principles of Meteorological Analysis
  6. Wiin-Nielson: Compendium of Meteorology, Vol. I, Part 3, Synoptic Meteorology, Geneva, W.M.O. No. 364.
  7. Asnani: Tropical Meteorology,Vol. I and II
  8. Das: Monsoons, Geneva, WMO No. 613
  9. Keshavamurty & Sankar Rao: The Physics of Monsoons
  10. Tarakanov: Tropical Meteorology
  11. Krishnamurthi: Compendium of Meteorology, Vol. II, Tropical Meteorology, Geneva, W.M.O. No,364

GPM504A: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROPROCESSOR Credits: 4

  1. Number Systems: Decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems, Interconversion of decimal, binary and hexadecimal numbers, BCD numbers, BCD addition and subtraction.
  2. Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and exclusive OR gates, NAND and NOR gates as universal gates.
  3. Logic Families: TTL logic circuits (NAND and NOR gates), comparison of TTL, ECL and CMOS.
  4. Boolean Algebra: De Moegan’s theorems, standard POS and SOP forms, min-term and max-term representation of Boolean functions, simplification of Boolean functions using K-maps (up to 4 variables).
  5. Combinational Circuits: Half and full adders, half and full subtractors, multiplexer, demultiplexer, encoder, decoder, BCD to seven segment decoder.
  6. Flip-flops: R-S, J-K, master-slave and edge triggered J-K, T and D Flip-flops.
  7. Sequential Circuits: Shift registers, ring counters, ripple and synchronous counter, modulo-N counter, decade counter, digital-to analog converter (binary weighted register and ladder types), and analog -to- digital converter (using D/A converter and comparator).
  8. Digital Wave form Generator: Concept of timer IC 555 and its use for waveform generation (astable and monostable).
  9. OP-AMP: Concept and characteristics of OP-AMP and its use as: Adder, subtractor, differentiator, integrator, logarithmic and exponential operator, inverting and non-inverting amplifier, differential amplifier, CMRR, analog computer (for 2nd order differential equations).
  10. Memories: Concept of Random Access Memory (RAM) , static and dynamic RAM, Read Only Memory ( ROM ), PROM and EPROM.
  11. Introduction to Microprocessors: Evolution of microprocessors, organization, architecture and pin description of 8085 microprocessor, addressing modes and instruction set, input/ output interfacing devices (8255, 8251), simple programs for addition/ subtraction, developmental trends in microprocessors technology (8086, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium).
  12. Application of Microprocessors: Application of Microprocessors in Geophysical Instrumentation: Microprocessors based data acquisition, frequency, temperature and voltage measurements using microprocessors.

Suggested Books:

  1. Jain: Modern Digital Electronics
  2. Malvino: Digital Computer Electronics
  3. Puri: Digital Electronics
  4. Mathur: Introduction to Microprocessors
  5. Sheth & Hebber: Microprocessors
  6. Gaonkar: Microprocessors Architecture, Programming and Applications
  7. Ram: Microprocessors and Microcomputers
  8. Gaikwad: Operational Amplifier.

GPM504B: ADVANCED DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY Credits: 4

  1. Numerical Weather Prediction: Historical review, filtering of sound and gravity waves, filtered forecast equation, forecasting of stream function. Barotropic model, equivalent barotropic model, baroclinic model-two level, multilevel quasigeostrophic model, primitive equation models, spectral and finite element model, Sigma coordinate, hydrodynamic equations in Sigma coordinate Eta coordinate, Eta model, precipitation forecasting, range of predictability.
  2. Objective analysis: Cressman method, method of optimum interpolation, initialization: static initialization, dynamic initialization, normal mode initialization, Newtonian relaxation or Nudging, nonlinear stability, Aliasing, Arakawa Jacobian, Staggered grid systems.
  3. Hydrodynamic Instability: Barotropic, inertial and baroclinic instability.
  4. Numerical Methods: Finite difference, truncation error, linear computational instability, Neuman condition, implicit and semi-implicit method, relaxation method, simultaneous and sequential.
  5. Atmospheric Waves: Perturbation theory, properties of waves, sound waves, gravity waves, vertical stability, internal gravity waves, Rossby waves, mountain waves.
  6. Scale analysis of momentum, continuity, vorticity, divergence, thermodynamic and omega equation, diagnostic analysis of synoptic scale motion in middle latitude.
  7. Sutcliffe’s Development Theory: Thickness and vorticity advection.
  8. General Circulation: Longitudinally averaged and varying flow, constraints on the theories of the general circulation, maintenance of mean zonal circulation (angular momentum consideration), experimental approach.
  9. Energetics: Energy equation, internal and available potential energies, generation, conversion and dissipation of energies.

Suggested Books:

  1. Hess: Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology
  2. Holton: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology
  3. Haltiner: Numerical Weather Prediction
  4. Haltiner & Martin: Dynamic and Physical Meteorology
  5. Atkinson: Dynamic Meteorology: An Introductory Selection
  6. Thompson: Numerical Weather Analysis and Weather Prediction
  7. Wiin-Nielsen: Compendium of Meteorology, Vol. I Geneva, W.M.O.

GPM505A: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM503A Credits: 2

  1. Computational of dip angle response over sheet type bodies.
  2. Analysis of dip angle data and its interpretation.
  3. Computation of Turam profiles over sheet type bodies.
  4. Reduction of Turam data and its interpretation.
  5. Interpretation of Slingram profiles over sheet conductors using phasor diagrams.

GPM505B: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM503B Credits: 2

  1. Plotting and analysis of surface weather charts for different seasons and issue of inferences.
  2. Plotting and analysis of constant pressure charts.
  3. Plotting and analysis of vertical time section and cross section chart.
  4. Streamline and isotach analysis.
  5. Prognostication of synoptic systems like lows, trough etc. by kinematic methods.
  6. Computation of zonal index.

GPM506A: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM504A Credits: 2

  1. Experiment with logic gates.
  2. Experiment with Flip-flops.
  3. Experiment with digital ICs.
  4. Experiment with 555 timer.
  5. Experiment with microprocessors.

GPM506B: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM504B Credits: 2

  1. Preparation of Bellamy grid and computation of divergence, vorticity and deformation field by Bellamy grid.
  2. Preparation of curvature circle nomogram and computation of divergence and vorticity by curvature circle.
  3. Computation of divergence and vorticity by finite difference method.
  4. Problems in dynamic Meteorology.
  5. Simple exercises in numerical model.

GPM507: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM501 Credits: 2

  1. Numerical solution of non-linear equations using available software.
  2. Solution of differential equations using available software.
  3. Interpretation of data by finite difference method.
  4. Development of programme and solution of some problems by finite element method.

GPM508: PRACTICAL ON GEOPHYSICAL DATA PROCESSING Credits: 2

  1. To digitize analogue signal by graphical method choosing different sampling intervals, plotting the digitized record and examining the aliasing phenomenon.
  2. To convolve the two signals (wavelets), plot and examine the results.
  3. To compute the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions for a given data set, plot and examine the results.
  4. To perform digital filtering after designing a low, high and band pass filters and to examine the effects of truncation.
  5. To apply Hanning and Hamming windows on a given set of data points.
  6. To compute the amplitude, phase and power spectra of a given time series.
  7. To apply Wiener inverse filtering to seismic data, comment on wavelet extraction problems.
  8. To perform the spectral analysis of gravity, magnetic and meteorological data.
  9. Computer modelling of some geophysical problems.
  • RSS
  • Delicious
  • Digg