GPM401: MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN GEOPHYSICS Credits: 4
- Complex variables: Analytic function, Cauchy’s theorem, Laurent series, residues of analytic and contour integration, applications in geophysics.
- Integral transforms: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Hankel transform, and their applications in geophysics.
- Numerical solution of partial differential equations: Classification of linear partial differential equations, wave and diffusion equations, Laplace equations, and their applications in geophysics.
- Orthogonal functions: Bessel’s function, Hermite, Laguerre and Legendre polynomials, introduction and applications of orthogonal systems and Green’s function, and their applications in solving geophysical problems.
- Non-linear Systems: Non-linear equations and their application in solving geophysical problems.
- Analysis of statistical and variance analysis, tests of significance and their applications in geophysics.
- Finite element methods: Introduction to various element shapes, descritization of structures; applications of finite element and finite difference methods in solving geophysical problems.
Suggested Books:
- Sastry: Introduction Methods of Numerical analysis
- Gerald: Applied Numerical Analysis
- Gerald et. al.: Finite Element Simulation in Surface and Subsurface Hydrology
- Bath: Mathematical Aspects of Seismology
- Jain, Iyengar & Jain: Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation
- Jain: Numerical Solution of Differential equations
- Mitchell: Computational Methods in Partial Differential Equations
GPM402: PETROLEUM GEOPHYSICS AND STRATIGRAPHY Credits: 4
Seismic source energy for S-wave, Shear wave prospecting. Shear wave velocity and shear modulus estimation from P-wave data. Application of shear wave and shear modulus in processing and interpretation of seismic data. Data acquisition for vertical seismic profiling (VSP), 3D-VSP and its applications. Multi-component seismic data acquisition for recording of P and S waves. Relation between rock properties and AVO response, seismic inversion.
4-D and 5-D seismics, passive seismics. AVO/AVA analysis, splitting of P wave energy into P and S seismic reflected and refracted waves, Zoeppritz equations. Offset dependent reflectivity. Seismic stratigraphy and sequence analyses, seismic facies analyses, reflection and amplitude character analyses, bright spot. Seismic lithologic modelling, Vp/Vs and lithology, gas detection using AVO.
Suggested Books:
- Clarbout: Fundamentals of Geophysical Prospecting
- Telford et. al. : Applied Geophysics
- sheriff: Seismic Sratigraphy
- Dobrin & Savit: Introduction to geophysical Prospecting
- Waters: Reflection Seismology
- Sheriff & Geldart: Exploration Seismology
- Fundamentals of geophysical interpretations by Laurence R. Lines and R.T. Vavrick.
GPM403: INSTRUMENTATION AND SIGNAL PROCESSING Credits: 3
- Amplitude and frequency response characteristics of geophones, critical and optimum damping, seismic amplifier and its frequency response, principles of magnetic tape recording, digital multiplexed recording and shot moments, principles of binary gain ranging amplifier and floating point, dynamic range, Automatic gain Control (AGC) circuit, Programmable Gain Control (PGC), timing system and recording formats (SEG A,SEG B and SEG C).
- Pilot balloon, theodolite, radiosonde, rawin and radar, radiation instruments. Automatic weather station, VHRR, VTPR, APT, VHPR.
- Analogue filters: Low and high pass filters and their alpha/beta diagrams, Characteristic impedance of symmetrical T and pie networks; band pass, comb, and active filters.
- Analogue and digital signal recording and processing: mechanisms of signal recordings. Transmission and receiving of meteorological data through satellite. Wireless seismic recording. Seismic signal recording and enhancement of S/N ratio, Satellite digital data process: retrieval technique, cloud top temperature, S.S.T. Retrieval algorithms, very high resolution radiometer, vertical temperature profile radiometer, automatic picture transmission, vertical humidity profile radiometer.
- Different types of display of digital and magnetic recording wiggle trace, variable area and variable density records.
Suggested Books:
- Kennedy & Davis: Electronic Communication Systems
- Anstey: Seismic Prospecting Instruments Vol. 2
- Ryder: Network, Lines and Fields
- Rabinet & Gold: Theory and application of Digital Signal Processing
- Remote sensing of the atmosphere: J.T. Houghton, F.W. Taylor and C.D. Rodgess.
- Satellite meteorology: An introduction- S.Q. Kidder and T.H. Vanderhaor
- Introduction to environmental remote sensing: E.C. Barette and L.F. Curtis.
GPM404A: GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC METHODS Credits: 4
- Basic Theory: Magnetic elements I.G.R.F., inverse square law, concept of potential, Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations, magnetism on atomic scale, Dia- para- ferro magnetic materials, susceptibilities and densities of various rocks and minerals, factors affecting density and susceptibilities, and susceptibility determination.
- Instrumentation: gravity prospecting instruments: borehole and airborne gravimeters, magnetic prospecting instruments, Rubidium vapour magnetometer.
- Data Acquisition and Correction: Aeromagnetic surveys, plan of the field surveys, station spacing, corrections for gravity and magnetic data, calculation of derivatives, continuation methods, polynomial fitting for regional- residual separation of gravity and magnetic anomalies, filter theory and filtering of potential field data, Gravity anomalies over spheres, cylinders, dykes, faults and sheets, Magnetic anomalies over single pole, dipole, line pole, spheres, cylinders, faults and dykes, graticules and anomalies of irregular bodies, relation between gravity and magnetic potentials, depth estimation, curve matching techniques, transformation of gravity and magnetic anomalies in frequency domain, spectral representation of field data and interpretation of gravity and magnetic profiles.
- Processing and interpretation.
- Gravity and magnetics for the exploration of the minerals, oil/gas and groundwater.
Suggested Books:
- Grant & West: Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics
- Nettleton: Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Prospecting
- Rao & Murthy: Gravity and Magnetics
- Dobrin & Savit: Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting
- Telford et. Al: Applied Geophysics
- Murthy & Mishra: Interpretation of Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in Space and Frequenies Domain
GPM404B: DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY Credits: 4
- Principles of thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, internal energy, specific heat capacity and enthalpy, adiabatic process, entropy and the second law of thermodynamics.
- Thermodynamics of water Vapour and Moist Air. Isotherms on an a, e diagram, equation of state of moist air, Clausius Clapeyron equation, adiabatic processes of saturated air and moisture variables.
- Thermodynamics Diagrams: General considerations, emagram, tephigram, skew T/ log P diagram, stuve diagram, choice of a diagram.
- Hydrostatic Equilibrium: Hydrostatic equation, geo-potential height computations for upper-air sounding, hydrostatic of homogeneous, isothermal, constant lapse rate and dry adiabatic atmosphere, standard atmosphere.
- Hydrostatic Stability and Instability: General consideration, slice method, entrainment.
- Fundamental forces, gravitation and gravity, geo-potential.
- Equation of motion in different coordinate systems, tangential, local, rectangular coordinates, spherical polar coordinates, natural coordinates, scale analysis of the equations of motion, approximate equations, Rossby number.
- Continuity equation in cartesian, isobaric and spherical coordinate.
- Balanced Motion: Inertial wind, geostrophic wind, gradient wind, cyclostrophic wind and thermal wind.
- Viscosity and Turbulence: Fundamental laws of viscosity, equations of mean motion in turbulent flow, mixing length theory, planetary boundary layer, power law, Ekman layer, Richardson number, Rrynold’s number, Froud number.
- Circulation and Vorticity: Kelvin’s circulation theorem, Bjerknes theorem, potential vorticity, vorticity equation, divergence equation, Helmholtz theorem.
- Tendency equation, Bjenknes Holmboe theory, isallobaric wind.
- Vertical Motion: Kinematic, adiabatic and omega equation.
Suggested Books:
- Hess: Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology
- Pisharoty: Thermodynamic Diagram and some of Their Uses (IMD Tech. Note)
- Gordon: Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology
- Holton: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology
- Haltiner: Numerical Weather Prediction
- Haltiner & Martin : Physical and Dynamic Meteorology
- Haltiner & William: Numerical Weather Prediction and Dynamic Meteorology
- Astel & Wiin-Nielsen: Compendium of Meteorology, Vol. I. Dynamic Meteorology, W.M.O. No. 364
GPM405A: WELL LOGGING AND RESERVOIR GEOPHYSICS Credits: 4
1. Reservoirs characteristics and objectives of well logging. Reservoir Rocks: Clastic and carbonate rocks. Reservoir Properties: Porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, need of drilling fluids and its properties, invasion process and various profiles, classification of formation evaluation methods, objective of well logging methods, logging operational field system and its procedure.
2. Electric-Logging: Spontaneous Potential (SP) logging: Spontaneous potentials in boreholes and its sources, SSP and its measurements, SP curves and its interpretation factors affecting the shape and amplitude of SP curve, Non-focussed, focused and induction logging, principles and sondes, Interpretation of electric Log Data: Determination of resistivity of interstitial water Rw, porosity f and water saturation Sw of clean and shaly sandstones, determination of Rw of clean sandstone from SP curve, estimation of permeability.
3. Radiation Well Logging: Gamma ray logging, details of the radiation logging, density or gamma-gamma logging, principle of the neutron-gamma logging, neutron-epithermal-neutron logging, neutron-thermal-neutron logging, interpretation and applications of radiation logging for evaluation of reservoir characteristics.
4. Other Miscellaneous Logging Techniques: Acoustic velocity ( Sonic ) logging, Cement Bond Log (CBL), Litho-density Tool (LDT), Thermal log, caliper or section gauge log, Casing Collar Locator’s (CCL), dip and direction logging, gravity logging, nuclear magnetic resonance logging.
5. Advanced Logging Tools: Introduction of induced gamma-ray spectrometry, chlorine logging, introduction to natural Gamma-ray Spectrometry (NGS), Cased Hole Neutron Tool (Thermal Decay Time or TDT) measurements.
6. Cross Plots: Resistivity-porosity cross plots, Porosity Cross plots: neutron-density, sonic density and sonic neutron density cross plots. Application of well logging to ground water mineral and petroleum resources.
Suggested Books:
- Lynch: Formation Evaluation
- Wyllie: Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation
- Vaish : Geophysical Well Logging : Principles and Practices
- Schlumberger: Schlumberger Log Interpretation Principles/ Applications
- Schlumberger: Schlumberger Log Interpretation Charts
- Serra: Fundamentals of Well – Log Interpretation
- Pirson: Hand book of Well log Analysis for Oil and Gas Formation Evaluation
- Deveton: Log analysis of subsurface Geology: Concepts and Computer Methods.
GPM405B: PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY Credits: 4
- Radiation: Laws of radiation, nature of solar radiation, solar constant, geographical and seasonal distribution of solar radiation, direct beam normal flux at the earth’s surface, direct beam insolation at the earth’s surface, Basis of Elsasser treatment, Elsasser chart; radiative heating and cooling, radiative equilibrium and the stratosphere, mean heat balance of the earth atmospheric system, poleward transport of energy, fundamental link with general circulation, radiation parameterization.
- Cloud Physics: Atmospheric aerosols and condensation nuclei, nucleation, physics of initial stages of condensation, curvature and solution effect, growth and evaporation of cloud droplets by diffusion, the physics of precipitation in warm clouds, collision-coalescence theory, collection efficiency, terminal velocity, precipitation from mixed clouds, Bergeron and Findeisen’s theory, artificial cloud seeding of warm and cold clouds, rain making experiments and weather modification, cumulus parameterization, horizontal and vertical diffusion.
- Atmospheric Optics: Attenuation of light, refraction, scattering, turbidity, optical phenomena, rainbow, halo, corona, glory, mirage etc., atmospheric and terrestrial refraction, looming, towering, stooping, sinking.
- Radar Meteorology: Basic radar equation, wavelengths used for detection of cloud, thunderstorm and cyclone, PPI and RHI scopes, meteorological applications of radar, radar echoes, estimation of precipitation, rain water content and upper winds using radar.
- Atmospheric Ozone: Mechanism of formation and destruction, measurement of ozone, Dobson’s ozone spectrometer, seasonal and latitudinal variation, Umkehr effect, vertical distribution of ozone, ozone-weather relationships, ozone hole.
- Atmospheric Electricity: Electrical field of the earth in fair and disturbed weather, atmospheric ionization, air-earth electric current and its maintenance, supply current, theories of charge generation and separation in thunderstorm, lightning discharges.
- Satellite Meteorology: Equation of orbital motion, types of meteorological satellites, description of important sensors on board, visible and infra red data and their interpretation, identification of typical weather systems from cloud picture, estimation of winds, vertical temperature and humidity profile and rainfall from satellite observations, tropical cyclone grading using Dvorak’s technique.
Suggested Books:
- Johnson: Physical Meteorology
- Mason: Physics of Cloud
- Dobson: Exploring the Atmosphere
- Retallack: Compendium of Meteorology Vol. I, Part-III, Physical Meteorology. W.M.O. 364
- Baton: Radar Observes the Weather
- Kidder & Vonder Harr: Satellite Meteorology
- Taba: Ozone Observations an Introduction and their Meteorological Applications, W.M.O. Technical Note No. 36, W.M.O. No. 108
- Haltiner & Williams: Numerical Prediction and Dynamic Meteorology
GPM406A: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM404A Credits: 2
- Determination of density by Nettleton method.
- Handling of gravimeter and its calibration.
- Structure contouring from subsurface informations
- Preparation of a residual map by (a) Graphical method and (b) Grid method.
- Upward and downward continuation of gravity and magnetic fields.
- Computation of gravity effect of a sphere, horizontal cylinder and fault.
- Computation of effect of a magnetic dipole of finite length, sphere and horizontal cylinder.
GPM406B: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM404B Credits: 2
- Analysis of tephigram: (a) Computation of derived parameters, LCL,CCL and LFC, (b) Computation of precipitable water content, (c) Computation of heights of pressure surfaces by adiabatic and isothermal methods, (d) Study of stability and instability of various layers and forecasting of fog, thunderstorm, etc., (e) Determination of height of tropopause, thickness of isothermal and inversion layers etc.
- Preparation of geostrophic wind scale and computation of geostrophic wind from constant pressure charts with the help of above scale.
- Computation of geostrophic vorticity, geostrophic wind.
- Exercise in graphical addition and subtraction.
GPM407A: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM405A Credits: 2
- Qualitative interpretation of well logs and their correlation
- Computation of porosity.
- Computation of formation factor.
- Computation of water saturation.
- Computation of oil saturation.
- Computation and estimation of producible oil per acre.
- Applications of cross plots for estimation of various parameters.
GPM407B: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM405B Credits: 2
- Measurement of total amount of atmospheric ozone by Dobson’s ozone spectrophotometer.
- Numerical computation in radiation, atmospheric optics, cloud physics, satellite meteorology and radar meteorology.
