Geophysics Department

Banaras Hindu University

SEMESTER-II

GPM201: GEOHYDROLOGY Credits: 4

  1. Hydrology cycle, origin of groundwater, subsurface distribution of water, springs.
  2. Hydrology Properties of Water Bearing Materials: Porosity, void radio, permeability, transmissivity, storativity, specific yield, specific retention, diffusivity, laboratory methods of determination of permeability.
  3. Mode of occurrence of groundwater , classification of rock with respect to their water bearing characteristics, aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, classification of aquifers and groundwater provinces.
  4. Movement of groundwater and aquifer performance tests, Darcy’s law and its range of validity, theory of groundwater flow under steady and unsteady conditions, determination of permeability, transmissivity and storativity by discharging methods.
  5. Precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, seepage, infiltration and runoff.
  6. Groundwater exploration, surface geological and geophysical methods of exploration, and subsurface geophysical methods.
  7. Hydro-geochemistry: Physical and Chemical characteristics of groundwater, classification of groundwater in respect to domestic, irrigation and industrial use, pollution of groundwater.
  8. Ground Water Exploration and Management: Natural and artificial recharge of groundwater, water balance, analysis of hydrograph, conjunctive and consumptive use of groundwater.

Suggested Books:

  1. Worcester: A Text Book of Geomorphology
  2. Todd: Groundwater Hydrology
  3. Ward: Principles of Hydrology
  4. Chow: Handbook of Applied Hydrology
  5. Health & Trainer: Introduction to Groundwater Hydrology
  6. Singh: Elements of Hydrology
  7. Raghunath: Introduction to Hydrology
  8. Tolman: Hydrology
  9. Karanth: Development, Assessment and Management of Water Resources

GPM202: GEOEXPLORATION AND SURVEYING Credits: 4

  1. Basic principles of geophysical exploration.
  2. Physical properties of minerals and rocks.
  3. Gravity Method: Stable and unstable gravimeters, Worden, Lacoste and Romberg, Hartley Askania and Gulf gravimeters, field procedure and reduction gravity data.
  4. Magnetic Method: Fluxgate and Proton Precession magnetometers. Anomalies due to point pole and dipole, field practices and corrections.
  5. Electrical Method: Elements of SP,IP and resistivity methods, Wenner and Schlumberger configurations. Methods of resistivity profiling and sounding, theory of images, Tagg’s method of interpretation.
  6. Seismic Method: Elementary principle of reflection and refraction methods, two layered reflection and refraction problems including inclined layer, fundamentals of conventional seismic instruments, fan shooting, profile shooting, continuous profiling and correlation methods of surveying.
  7. Radiometric Method: Physical and geological principles of radiometric method, successive disintegrations equilibrium conditions, GM counter, scintillation counter and gamma ray spectrometer, radon measurements.
  8. Basic principles of electromagnetic and GPR methods.

Suggested Books:

  1. Dobrin & Savit: Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting
  2. Parasnis: Principle of Applied Geophysics
  3. Telford et al : Applied Geophysics
  4. Sharma: Geophysical Prospecting for Geologists and Engineers
  5. Israel & Krebs : Nuclear Radiation in Geophysics

GPM203: STRATIGRAPHY, ECONOMIC & PETROLEUM GEOLOGY Credits: 4

1. Stratigraphy: Principles of Stratigraphy, elements of stratigraphic classification; geological time scale. Basic concepts of sequence Stratigraphy and seismic stratigraphy Geophysical methods of stratigraphic correlation. Physical and structural divisions of Indian subcontinent and their characteristics. Classification, lithology and economic importance of the following: Dharwar supergroup of Karnataka, Cuddapah supergroup of Andhra Pradesh, Vindhyan Supergroup of Son valley, Gondwana Supergroup of peninsular India and Tertiary of Assam, Siwaliks of Himalaya.

2. Economic Geology: Definition of ore, ore mineral and gangue, Classification of ore deposits, Chemical composition, diagnostic characters, usages and distribution in India of the following metallic and non-metallic minerals: Haematite, magnetite, pyrolusite, psilomalane, chromite, ilmenite, wolframite, cassiterite, chalcopyrite, boronite, galena, sphelerite, pyrite, bauxite sulphur, graphite, gypsum, fluorite, barite, magnesite, dolomite, apatite, calcite, kyanite, sillimanite, beryl, muscovite, kaolinite, halite and talc.

3. Petroleum Geology: Origin of petroleum; source rocks; reservoir rocks; reservoir pore spaces; reservoir traps. Migration and accumulation of oil and gas. Geological modelling in petroleum exploration, Brief geological account of oil and gas fields in India: Assam, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Bombay Offshore.

Suggested Books:

  1. Jensen and Bateman: Economic Geology
  2. Krishna Swami: India’s Mineral Resources
  3. Sharma & Ram: Introduction to India’s Economic Minerals
  4. Levorsen: Geology of Petroleum
  5. Evans & Mathur: Oil in India
  6. Krishman: Geology of India and Burma
  7. Wadia: Geology of India.
  8. Ravindra Kumar: Historical geology and stratigraphy of India
  9. U. Prasad: Economic geology.

GPM204: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS Credits: 4

  1. History of development and scope of geophysics, monistic and dualistic hypotheses for the origin of solar system, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, planet and satellites of the system and their characteristics, shape and size of the earth, international gravity formula and rotation of the earth. Concept of isostasy, Airy, Heiskanan and Pratt-Hayford hypotheses.
  2. Internal constitution of the earth, characteristics of lithosphere, and asthenosphere, causes of geodynamical process, geodynamic models, continental drift. Ocean floor spreading, plate tectonics and its geological implications, new global tectonics and plate margin process, geomagnetic time scale, Benioff zones, oceanic ridges, evolution of the triple junction, trenches and island arcs, hot spots, geodynamics of Indian subcontinents and formation of Himalayas, 900 E ridge.
  3. Origin of geomagnetic field, secular variations and westward drift, geomagnetic storms, Earth’s current, sun spot, solar flares, lunar and solar variations, Palaeomagnetic studies of rock samples and their applications in geophysics, polar wandering, reversals of geomagnetic field.
  4. Importance of heat flow, thermal history of the earth, sources of heat generation and temperature distribution inside the earth, Jacob’s hypothesis for liquid nature of the outer core. Radiometric dating principles and ages of rocks and the earth.

Suggested Books:

  1. Howell : Introduction to Geophysics
  2. Stacey: Physics of the Earth
  3. Gubbins: Seismology and Plate Tectonics
  4. Condie: Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution
  5. Lowrie: Fundamentals of Geophysics
  6. Bird & Lacks: Plate Tectonics
  7. Chapman: Earth’s Magnetism
  8. Jacobs: Core and Geomagnetism

GPM205: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM201 Credits: 2

  1. Determination of average rainfall.
  2. Determination of evaporation and evapotranspiration.
  3. Determination of storativity coefficient and transmissivity.
  4. Determination of porosity and permeability.

GPM206: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM202 Credits: 2

GEOEXPLORATION

  1. Handing of gravimeter and magnetometer.
  2. Interpretation of resistivity sounding data by Tagg’s method.
  3. Determination of velocities and depth of the interface by refraction method.

SURVEYING

  1. Handling of surveying instruments- theodolite, dumpy-level, microptic alidade, electronic distance measuring devices, GPS.
  2. Preparation of site map with the help of plane table.
  3. Determination of height using theodolite.

GPM207: PRACTICAL BASED ON COURSE GPM203 Credits: 2

  1. Preparation of lithostratigraphic maps of India showing distribution of Dharwar, Cuddapah, Vindhyan and Gondwana Super groups.
  2. Study of about 15 rock specimens from the important stratigraphic horizons of India.
  3. Study of mega-scopic characters of about 25 economic minerals.
  4. Distribution of important mineral deposits of India.
  5. Exercises on accumulation of oil and gas in different types of traps.
  6. Distribution of important petroliferous basins of India.

GPM208M: GENERAL GEOPHYSICS Credits: 3

  1. History of development and scope of geophysics, monistic and dualistic hypotheses for the origin of solar system, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, planet and satellites of the system and their characteristics, shape and size of the earth, international gravity formula and rotation of the earth. Concept of isostasy, Airy, Heiskanan and Pratt-Hayford hypotheses.
  2. Internal constitution of the earth, continental drift, ocean floor spreading, plate tectonics and its geological implications, new global tectonics and plate margin process, oceanic ridges, trenches and island arcs, geodynamics of Indian subcontinents and formation of Himalayas.
  3. Origin of geomagnetic field, polar wandering, secular variations and westward drift, geomagnetic storms, earth’s current, sun spot, solar flares, lunar and solar variations, Fundamentals of palaeo-magnetic studies and palaeo-magnetism of rocks.

Suggested Books:

  1. Howell: Introduction to Geophysics
  2. Stacey: Physics of the Earth
  3. Gubbins: Seismology and Plate Tectonics
  4. Condie: Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution
  5. Lowrie: Fundamentals of Geophysics
  6. Bird & Lacks: Plate Tectonics
  7. Chapman: Earth’s Magnetism
  8. Jacobs: Earth’s Core and geomagnetism
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